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What is Isomerism?
Isomerism is the phenomenon in which more than one compounds have the same chemical formula but different chemical structures. Chemical compounds that have identical chemical formulae but differ in properties and the arrangement of atoms in the molecule are called isomers. Therefore, the compounds that exhibit isomerism are known as isomers. The word “isomer” is derived from the Greek words “isos” and “meros”, which mean “equal parts”. This term was coined by the Swedish chemist Jacob Berzelius in the year 1830. Table of Contents Isomerism Types Structural Isomerism Recommended Videos Stereoisomerism Ionization Isomerism Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs Isomerism TypesThere are two primary types of isomerism, which can be further categorized into different subtypes. These primary types are Structural Isomerism and Stereoisomerism. The classification of different types of isomers is illustrated below.
Structural isomerism is commonly referred to as constitutional isomerism. The functional groups and the atoms in the molecules of these isomers are linked in different ways. Different structural isomers are assigned different IUPAC names since they may or may not contain the same functional group. Recommended Videos All About Structural, Geometrical & Optical Isomerism![]() ![]() ![]() The different types of structural isomerism are discussed in this subsection. Chain Isomerism It is also known as skeletal isomerism. The components of these isomers display differently branched structures. Commonly, chain isomers differ in the branching of carbon An example of chain isomerism can be observed in the compound C5H12, as illustrated below.![]() ![]() ![]() This type of isomerism arises in compounds having the same chemical formula but different orientations of the atoms belonging to the molecule in three-dimensional space. The compounds that exhibit stereoisomerism are often referred to as stereoisomers. This phenomenon can be further categorized into two subtypes. Both these subtypes are briefly described in this subsection. Geometric Isomerism It is popularly known as cis-trans isomerism. These isomers have different spatial arrangements of atoms in three-dimensional space. An illustration describing the geometric isomerism observed in the acyclic But-2-ene molecule is provided below.![]() ![]() The compound which gives different ions in the solution, although they have same composition, is called ionization isomers and this property is known as ionization isomerism. Compounds which gives different ions in solution although they have same composition are called ionization isomerism. This form of isomerism arises when the counter ion in a complex salt is itself a potential ligand and can displace a ligand which can then become the counter ion. One example of ionisation isomerism is [Co(NH3)5SO4]Br and [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4. We can prepare these ionisation isomers in the following method. [CoBr(NH3)5]SO4→ [CoBr(NH3)5]2+ + SO42− = Red−Violet [CoSO4(NH3)5]Br → [CoSO42−(NH3)5]+ + Br− = Red Frequently Asked Questions – FAQsQ1 What is isomerism in organic chemistry?Isomerism in organic chemistry is a phenomenon shown by two or more organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different properties due to difference in arrangement of atoms along the carbon skeleton (structural isomerism) or in space (Stereo isomerism) Q2 What is threo and erythro?Erythro and threo are two configurations in which molecules are written when the molecules have a chiral carbon atom. Erythro is the configuration when the same groups are on the same side of the carbon atom and Threo is the configuration when the same groups are on the opposite side of the carbon atom. Q3 What is Diastereoisomerism?Diastereomers are defined as non-mirror image non-identical stereoisomers. Hence, they occur when two or more stereoisomers of a compound have different configurations at one or more (but not all) of the equivalent (related) stereocenters and are not mirror images of each other. Q4 What are the types of isomerism?Two main forms of isomerism are structural or constitutional isomerism, in which bonds between the atoms differ; and stereoisomerism or spatial isomerism, in which the bonds are the same but the relative positions of the atoms differ. Q5 What are functional isomers?Functional isomers are structural isomers that have the same molecular formula (that is, the same number of atoms of the same elements), but the atoms are connected in different ways so that the groupings are dissimilar. These groups of atoms are called functional groups, functionalities. Thus, the concept of isomerism and its types are briefly discussed in this article. To learn more about this concept and other related concepts, such as the isotopes of an element, register with BYJU’S and download the mobile application on your smartphone. |
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